FARAH_DIBA

 

Re-edited  20 December, 2000

 

Copyright © 2000   Farah Diba

Makalah  Falsafah Sains (PPs 702)

Program Pasca Sarjana

Institut Pertanian Bogor

 

Dosen:  Prof Dr Ir Rudy C Tarumingkeng 

 

Bioassay of subterranean termites Coptotermes curvignathus queen pheromones:

isolation, characterisation and it’s application as biological control to subterranean termites C. curvignathus population

(A Research Proposal)

 

By:

 

Farah Diba

IPK  14600007

 

 

 
 


  

 

 

Introduction

                    Philosophy studies the fundamental nature of existence, of man, and of man's relationship to existence. As against the special sciences, which deal only with particular aspects, philosophy deals with those aspects of the universe which pertain to everything that exists. At the base of Philosophy are the sciences of Metaphysics and Epistemology. Above these branches is Ethics, and the highest branches of Philosophy are Politics and finally Aesthetics.  The purpose of philosophy is to serve the guide to life.
               Philosophical activity is not restricted just to the solving of problems, but the attempt to solve a certain range of problems is that main mark that distinguishes philosophical work from other forms of intellectual activity.  Just what problems fall within this range is not easy to specify in a way that is at once accurate and informative.  But we recognize such problems fairly readily, partly by way of family resemblances, and partly because philosophical problems usually involve relatively abstract issues that other, more easily defined disciplines typically ignore. In this individual paper, we presented the biological control of termite, especially on bioassay of subterranean termites Coptotermes curvignathus queen pheromones as biological control to subterranean termites C. curvignathus population.

            Termites are common insects in the tropic. They can be found wherever there are plant debris and cellulose materials on which they feed. Some termites attack trees, crops plantation and structural timber. They have been reported to cause serious problems to homeowners and farmers. With the rising cost of houses, labour and planting materials, the cost for house repair and tree replanting have increased accordingly. One of the termite sprsies that can incite costly damages to building is a subterranean termite Coptotermes curvignathus Holmgren (Isoptera: Rhinotermitidae).

            C. curvignathus, the most economically important termite species in Indonesia, is a serious pest of structural timber in and outside building (Tarumingkeng, 1993). Their presence could only be realized when the damage done have been to severe for treatment. One innovative of control the subterranean termites is using a termites baits. The appeal of bait technology is considerable. Since subterranean termites are social insect, theoretically the entire colony could be eliminated if foraging workers feed on a bait toxicant and bring it back to the colony. Bait technology also an environmentally friendly, because only have a little amoun toxicant  (mg until g) compared with soil treatment technology (g until Kg) (Pearce, 1997).

            This fact alone means the bait concept differs fundamentally from another termite control, such as soil termiticide barrier treatment. Termite control using a liquid termiticide requires creation of a continuous soil barrier at all potential termite entry points into a structure. When succesfull, a soil treatment prevents termite entry for many years. Ongoing control is gained through regular inspections and spot or re-treatments when necessary.

            In contrast, a termite control bait targets the colony specifically. When succesfull, the colony is eliminated, or reduced in sufficient number until it posses no threat. This can be accomplished with a relatively small amount of toxicant delivered to the colony by termite workers. Once control is obtained, ongoing protection is accomplished by monitoring for termite activity, baiting again if activity is noted, and then employing an ongoing monitoring program to detect new activity.

            The use of sexual pheromones in control by baiting is now widespread. They are particularly useful for social insect, such as termites and honey bee (Howse, Stevens and Jones, 1998). The pheromones from subterranean termites queen have a potential substances for used as a termite baits. Bioassay the pheromones and identification the main componen of pheromones will facilitate advances in understanding the control of sex pheromones production and it’s role in the overall regulation of the reproductive process (Roelofs, 1988).

            It is necessary to isolation, characterisation and identification the component of subterranean termites queen pheromones, and we can synthesis the pheromones for control the population of subterranean termites with baiting technique. In using the pheromones substrates as a toxicant bait to control the population of subterranean termite colony, we can control the reproductive process and elliminate the colony in a biological control and environmentally friendly techniques.

 

Objective

            To study the mechanism of bioassay of pheromones of subterranean termites C. curvignathus queen.  From the bioassay pheromones, isolation, characterisation and identification of structural pheromones is obtained and this information can be used to synthesis a subtrates which is similar to the pheromones component. The next aim is to application the synthesis pheromones as biological control against subterranean termites  C. curvignathus population in baiting techniques.

 

Expected outcome

1.   Bioassay the pheromones of subterranean termites queen for another research.

2.   Information about characterisation of the main component of pheromones of subterranean termites queen.

3.   A synthesis pheromones of subterranean termites queen.

4.   Application the synthesis pheromones as biological control which have no hazard for human and environmentally friendly.

 

Material and methods

            The material for the research are  the pheromones of the subterranean termites C. curvignathus queen, n- hexane, pentane, methanol, aquadestilata, dichloromethane, carbon disulfida, acetone, pentane, carbon tetrachloride, ethyl acetate, formaldehyde, extraction apparatus, Gas liquid chromatography (GLC), fractionation apparatus,  Electroantennography apparatus (EAG), and NMR.

 

 

 

 

           

Source / pheromones                                                                 Isolation /

of subterranean termites                                                       concentration

C. curvignathus queen

 


 

 

Bioassay

 


Separation /

                                                                                                            fractionation

 


 

 

                        Synthesis                   Identification

 


 

 

     Application  as biological control

     against subterranean termites

 

 

 

Figure 1. Experimental procedure and analysis methods of research activity on Bioassay of subterranean termites Coptotermes curvignathus queen pheromones: isolation, characterisation and it’s application as biological control against the population of subterranean termites

 

            The activity of the research are (a detail of the process referred to Blomquist and Dillwith ,1983) :

1.       Establishment of laboratory cultures.

2.       Design of a bioassay and collecting emitted pheromones.

3.       Isolation of pheromones and extraction of semiochemical with GLC .

4.       Comparison of the responses to extracts with responses to live termites.

5.       Analysis of the extractpheromones and Identification with EAG (Electroanntennography  techniques).

6.       Selection of the fraction.

7.       Analysis of the major components with Gas Chromatography.

8.       Formulation of hypotheses about the chemical structure of the detected compound, followed by synthesis with NMR .

9.       Comparison of the behavioural effects of the synthetic compound with those of the active fractions.

10.   Application of the pheromones from  synthetic compound as a termites baits in laboratory.

11.   Field test of the pheromones from the synthetic compound as a termites baits in  the termite colony area.

 

References

 

Blomquist J.G. and Dillwith J.W., 1983. Pheromones : Biochemistry and Physiology. J. of Endocrinology of Insect. Alan R Liss Incorporation. New York. pp  527 - 542.

Howse, P.E. , Stevens, L.D.R., Jones, O.T. 1998. Insect Pheromones and their Use in Pest Management. Chapman and Hall. London.

Pearce, M.J. 1997. Termites, Biology and Pest Management. CAB International Publisher. United Kingdom.

Roelofs. W.L. 1988. Chemical Control of  Insects by Pheromones. Academic Press. New York.

Schierwater B., Streit B., Wagner G.P., De Salle R., 1994. Molecular Ecology and Evolution : Approaches and Applications. Birkhauser Verlag. Boston.

Tarumingkeng, R.C. 1993. Biologi dan Pengendalian Rayap Tanah. Pusat Antar Universitas Ilmu Hayat, Institut Pertanian Bogor. Bogor.