© 2001.
Wardah Posted 29 May 2001 (rudyct)
Makalah
Falsafah Sains (PPs 702)
Program
Pasca Sarjana / S3
Institut
Pertanian Bogor
Juni 2001
Dosen:
Prof Dr Ir
Rudy C Tarumingkeng (Penanggung Jawab)
Prof Dr Ir
Zahrial Coto
Research
proposal
W A R D A H
NRP: P14600004
Email: wdh5660@yahoo.com
1.1.
Background
Lore Lindu National Park (LLNP) is located in Central
Sulawesi Province, which is an important conservation area because of the
biodiversity. According to the location,
the LLNP is a part of the tropical rain forest ecosystem with a specific
biodiversity. As another conservative
area in Indonesia, the LLNP has become a degradation area because of the
illegal activities, such as shifting cultivation, illegal cutting and converted
to be agricultural area.
The growth of the population including around LLNP have a
negative impact whether on the area, quality, and the function of the forest
ecosystem. This is caused by part of the
area have been converted to other function such as plantation.
In order to sustain, ecologically, economically and
socially, forest particularly in the humid tropics including the LLNP, there
should be developing land use strategies. The strategies should consider the
needs of the people who live in, around and adjacent to forest area.
There has been an alternative land used, agroforestry system
i.e. forest garden, which traditionally practiced by people around
forest in Indonesia and other Asian countries.
According to Nair (1989), agroforestry is a land used system that
involves socially and ecologically acceptable integration of trees with
agricultural crops and/or animals simultaneously or sequentially, so as to get
an increasing total productivity of plants and animals in a suitable manner from
a unit of farm land, especially under condition low level of technology inputs
and marginal lands. From this definition
some principles apply, as follow:
1)
Agroforestry
integrates trees with crops and/or animal sequentially or simultaneously to
increase productivity,
2)
The
ideal form of agroforestry is stable and sustainable,
3)
The
system should be socially and ecologically acceptable.
Although people over the world have recently developed and
practiced the agroforestry system for thousand years, forest gardens have only
been investigated in a few cases studies namely in Kalimantan and Sumatra. In
Indonesia people have conducted several types of agrofrestry practices, such as
forest garden, home garden, mixed garden, and tumpangsari for a long time.
There are some traditional forest garden distributed in Indonesia, such as kebun
talun (West Java), Krakal (Central Java), Tembawang (West
Kalimantan), Porlak and Peureula (Sumatra).
According to Sundawati (1993), the Dayak fores gardens have an
ecological, economical, and social function. The ecological functions of the
forest gardens indlude (1) improvement of chemical, physical and biological
soil propertis, (2) protection from soil erosion, (3) reduction of
microclimatic extremes, and (4) genetic resource conservation. The economical
functions of the forest gardens including (1) to provide an income, and (2) to
contribute to household food security. The social functions of the forest
gardens may be seen in the (1) tradition where the gardens are passed on from
generation to generation, reminding the people of the ancestors, (2) importance
of the trees ownership for the families, (3) use of the gardens as a place for
children play and for adults to congregated in their free time, (4) production
of resources, such as beverages, food and animals for ceremonies and relegious
rituals. However, there are few studies
have been carried out on these fields, particularly concerning on how the
forest garden may have functions to
improve the soil properties which then may sustain the other above
functions.
Generally, the forest garden generated through some process, as follow: firstly, land clearing with slash and burn system, then planted with annual crops as long as 1 or 2 years depend on the soil productivity. After decreasing the soil productivity the farmers then plant fruit crops (perennial crops) and leave for a long time until the fruit and other tree crops production might be harvested. These land managements might be categorized as shifting cultivation, which caused biodiversity loss, local timber decrease, soil erosion and sedimentation on water bodies (Fischer and Vasseur, 2000). Although the system still conducted by the farmers who leave in, around or next to the forest. Because the farmers known well if they may have benefits on remaining the systems.
In selecting the trees leaved and/or planted on the garden,
the farmers based on the economical function rather than the soil and water conservation
function. The species and trees characteristics, such as the structure of tree
canopy and rooting system, should be considered before planting on the forest
garden. The characteristics of trees significantly affect on litter production,
infiltration rate, soil erosion, water quality, income and culture of the
people on the mixed-gardens in Tasikmalaya (Setiadi, 1998).
Whereas, the root systems have not been considered very much
in selecting tree species. These probably because they are not visible, are not
amenable to management in land use systems and are time-consuming to study
(Young, 1997). The variation of tree root system in a forest garden may have
some differences in water holding capacity, nutrition and mineral absorbing.
Tree root system can take up nutrients, which would otherwise be lost by
leaching. Finally, both the above ground (canopy structure) and below ground
(root systems) may have important role in improving and sustaining the good
soil properties in forest garden and neighboring natural forest. Therefore,
there should be studied the interaction between structure and composition of
vegetation and the soil properties of forest garden as a traditional
agroforestry system comparing with the neighboring natural forest.
1.2.
Objectives
The objectives of this research are: (1). To study the relation between structure and composition of vegetation on physical, chemical, and biological soil properties of forest garden and natural forest at LLNP, (2). To compare the effects of the structure and composition of vegetation on physical, chemical and biological soil properties of forest garden and natural forest at three study sites, Kamarora, Berdikari and Rompo villages around the LLNP
1.3.
Expected Output
The expected output
from this research are to provide information on: (1) the relation between
structure and composition of vegetation on, physical, chemical, and biological
soil properties of forest garden at LLNP; (2) the structure and the composition
of vegetation which has a significant effect on physical, chemical and
biological soil properties at forest garden of the three study sites, (3).
Finally, whether the forest garden may be expected to stabilize the forest
margins.
1.4.
Hypothesis
The hypotheses are proposed in this research are: (1). There are differences on the structure and the composition of vegetation of forest garden at three site studies, (2). The physical, chemical and biological properties of soil are affected by the structure and the composition of vegetation of forest garden; (3) there are differences on the effect of structure and composition of vegetation on soil properties of forest garden at three study sites around LLNP.
2.1.
Forest Gardens
Forest garden could be defined as part of a broader
land-used spectrum that contains farms, home gardens, forest gardens, and
forest extraction areas in a gradient leading away from the villages to the
protected forests in the park (Salafsky, 1994). He also concluded that the
forest garden have at least five basic characteristics in common :
1)
From
an economic perspective,
the forest garden systems are primarily used for growing cash crops.
2)
From
an ecological perspective,
forest garden systems are composed of relatively large areas dominated by only
a few species of canopy or sub-canopy trees.
3)
From
a land-used history perspective, forest garden systems typically seem to evolve from home
garden and/or Sweden agricultural plots as economic market for specific product
develop.
4)
From
land-used perspective,
forest garden systems do not occur in isolation, but are part of broader
spectrum or mosaic of land uses.
5)
Finally,
from a socio-political perspective, forest garden systems tend to be
ignored by government officials and other decision makers.
In addition, a forest garden is composed by
multistoried/multilayer of canopy. Anonymous (2001) reviewed that a forest
garden is organized in up to seven ‘layers’.
Within these, positioning of
species depend on many variables, including their requirement of shelter,
light, moisture, good/bad companions, mineral requirement, pollination, pest
protection, etc. The layers consist of :
·
Canopy
trees- the highest layer of trees.
·
Small
trees and large shrubs, mostly planted between and below the canopy trees.
·
Shrubs,
mostly quite shade tolerant.
·
Herbaceous
perennial, several of which are herbs and will also contribute to the ground
cover layer by self-seeding and spreading.
·
Ground
cover, mostly creeping carpeting plants, which will form a living, mulch for
the ‘forest floor’.
·
Climbers
and vines, these are generally late addition to the garden, since they
obviously need sturdy trees to climb up.
·
The
final ‘layer’ is the root zone or rhizosphere. Any design should take account
of different rooting habits and requirement of different species, even root
crops are not grown much.
According to the
structure and the composition of the vegetation and the sites where the gardens
are found, the type of forest gardens are highly heterogeneous. The type of forest gardens in Indonesia and
other part of the world have been summarized by
Salafsky (1994) then modified based on some other studies by De Jong (1996) and Wagachchi and Wiersum,
(1997), as featured in Table 1.
2.2.
The Effect of Trees on Soil Properties
The trees existing at an agroforestry system such as forest garden
might have direct and indirect effects on soil micro environmental conditions.
As reported by Belsky, et al., 1993; Amudson, et al., 1995 in Rhaodes, 1997, that the microclimate and
biomass production effects under tree shade might be caused by the decrease of
maximum temperature and evapotranspiration and the increase of the relative
moisture. In Kenyan Savanna, the soil
temperature decreases from 5-12oC under canopy of Acacia
tortilis and Adansonia digitata.
Similar effect in Senegal, the maximum temperatures decrease 3.4oC
under Faiderbia albida (Dancette and Poulain, 1969 in Rhaodes,
1997). The lower temperature under the canopy may decrease the water
stress and increase the biomass
production (Amudson, et al.,1995 in Rhaodes, 1997).
Table 1. Forest gardens and related Land-use systems
throughout the world (modified from Salafsky,1994)
.
|
Location |
Ethnic groups |
Name |
Primary crops |
References |
|
A.
Site in Borneo Benawai
agung, W. Kalimantan Sungai
Matan, W. Kalimantan Sanggau,
W. Kalimantan Tae,
W. Kalimantan Apokayan, E. Kalimantan South-West
Sarawak B.
Site in
S.E. Asia and Oceania Maninjau, W. Sumatra Barisan
Selatan, Reserve, S. Sumatra W.
Java Java C.
Other regions Mexico
tropics Yucatan, Mexico Bocas
del Toro, Panama Peru.
Amazon Badulla,
Sri Lanka D.
|
Malay,
Chinese, Balinese Dayak Dayak Daret
(Dayak) Kenyak
Dayak Malay Minangkabau Krui Sundanese Javanese various Maya Indigenous
and prehistory Ribereno indigenous |
Forest
garden Rubber
& fruit gardens Multistoried
forest garden (Tembawang) Forest
garden (Mawa’n) and remnant forest Lembo,
munan, pu-un, simpu-un Durian
orchards Multistoried
agroforest Multistoried
agroforest Village-forest-garden Forest
gardens (talun) Forest
gardens Forest
gardens House/forest
garden Sweden-fallow Kandyan
Forest
gardens |
Durian,
palm sugar, and rubber rubber,
durian, and illip nuts illip
nuts, durian and other fruits durian,
illip nuts, and palm sugar palm
sugar, coffee, and cinnamon durian,
rubber, and other fruits. durian,
cinnamon, nutmeg & coffee. damar
resin, durian and other fruits durian,
palm sugar and other fruits fruits
and fuel wood coffee,
cacao citrus game,
crops Anona,
banana, fruits,
fodder, shade/shade trees |
Salafsky,
1993 Lawrence
et al., 1995 Momberg,
1993 Padoch,
1991, 1992 Lahjie,
1991 Harrison,
1962 Michon
et al., 1986 Mary
and Michon, 1987 Michon,
1983 Christanty,
et al., 1986 Gomez-Pompa
and Kaus, 1990 Ewel,
1984 Linares,
1976 De
Jong, 1996 Wagachchi
and Wiersum, 1997 |
The high variation of the trees, such as the structure and
the composition, might have caused a change in micro environmental condition
that may attract much kind of animals including birds, bats and probably
mammals. These animals may feed fruits and part of fruits that are not eaten
then left under the tree canopy, they also may leave their dung, which will be
a source of organic matter. Therefore, there will be an accumulation of organic
matter from litterfalls and manure.
The soil biodiversity on an agroecosystem are influenced by
the tree species. Parkinson (1988) reported
that the highest amount of earthworm found under alder trees, enchytraeds and
nematodes are found more under conifer trees comparing with deciduous, whereas
collembolas are found more on pine litterfalls rather than mixed spruce/pines
litterfalls.
The higher variation of soil surface organic matter under
the canopy will stimulate the higher biodiversity under the ground. Cloment, et
al. (1991) in Rhaodes (1997) showed that the higher soil microbe
biomass the higher population of microbivorous nematodes and the higher of
nitrogen mineralization. In addition, Mordelet et al. (1993) in Rhaodes (1997)
reported that the larger canopy zone, the activities of earthworm and
termite would increase to process the organic matter, which would increase the
micro porosity and decrease soil bulk density under the trees at Savanna of Lamto Ivory Beach. Finally Rhoades (1997)
concluded that the improvement of micro environmental condition under the trees
would stimulate the soil biological activities nutrient movement, and soil
physical improvements,
Biological Interaction
Biological interactions both above and below the ground have
very important means in agroecosystem. Biological interactions may be as neutralism,
commensalisms, mutualisms, protocooperative, competition, ammensalisms,
parasitsm and predation. Although the interaction that get more attention is
mutualism interaction between root and mycorhizae fungi and between legume tree
roots and rhizobium bacteria.
Even there are many kinds of nitrogen fixer bacteria,
symbiotic and non-symbiotic association, the rhizobium bacteria and mycorhizae
fungi have had more attention to be studied compared with Frankia, cyanobacteria, and free heterotropic
bacteria although they also may fix atmospheric nitrogen in a specific
condition (Kahindi, et al., 1997).
There have
been reported if there are many trees have associated with rhizobium bacteria
such as Sesbania rostrata, Acacia, Leucaena (Kahindi, et
al., 1997), Calliandra calothyrsus, Desmodium ransonil, Flemingia
congesta, Glericidea sepium, Cassia spectabilis and Tithonia
diversifolia (DeCosta and Chandrapala, 2000). In addition, there
have been found mycorhizae fungi infect roots of many trees. Ectomycorhizae fungi infect mostly
tropical trees of Pinaceae, Caesalpinaceae, Dipterocarpaceae, Myrtaceae,
Mimocaea, Gnetaceae, and Meliaceae (Bundrett et al., 1999;
Munyanziza et al., 1997).
Whereas, Endomycorhizae or Arbuscular Mycorhizae (AM)
infects mostly food, horticultural and some tree crops in tropics such as Araucaria
Spp., Agathis Spp., Casuarina Spp., Acacia Spp., Leucaena Spp., Durio Spp.,
Lansium Spp., and Arthocarpus champeden (Munyanziza, et al.,
1997; Smith, et al., 1998).
Both
microbes infection on the roots of plants might improve soil properties. Mycorhizae might help to soluble, absorb and
transfer nutrient particularly immobile ions, such as P, Cu, and Zn. The infected mycorhizae plants have higher
tolerance for heavy metals, pathogens, soil dry and temperature, soil pH,
stress because of transplanting
(Munyanziza, et al., 1997).
III.
METHODOLOGY
3.1.
Location and Time of the Study
The research will be conducted at three forest gardens, as
follows: Berdikari and Kamarora villages at Palolo Sub District, Donggala
District, and Rompo village, North Lore Sub District, Central Sulawesi
Province. The three villages are chosen purposively because they have a
presentative forest garden, which is bordered with the natural forest. This research will be conducted on February –
August 2002.
3.2.
Methods
An
analysis of the structure and composition of vegetation of the forest garden
and the natural forest will be conducted by making study plots (100 m x 100 m)
at three study sites (villages). An inventory of the number of species and
number of trees per hectare according to diameter at breast height (dbh) and
height (h). Each study plot is divided
into 5 sample plots (20 m x 20 m). Therefore there will be 15 sample plots at
forest gardens and 15 sample plots at natural forest. The tree diameter at
breast height will be measured by diameter tapes and the tree height with the
ultrasonic distance meter FORESTER DME 201.
Due
to the high variation of the most soil parameters expected on the study sites a
comprehensive soil samples should be collected 5 soil samples at each sample
plot whether at forest garden or neighbouring natural forest. The soil sample processing and analysis
should be done according to standard procedures. The soil physical parameters including
particle size distribution, dry bulk density and soil water content. The chemical soil parameters will be
determined and measured as follows: a). C- and N-store by gaschromatography;
b). Effective cation exchange capacity Ake with NH4Cl-solution via
flame-absorption spectrometry (AAS); 3) Soil analysis for nutrient availability
and pH.
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