Makalah Falsafah Sains (PPs 702)

Program Pasca Sarjana / S3

Institut Pertanian Bogor

Januari 2002

Dosen:

Prof Dr Ir Rudy C Tarumingkeng (Penanggung Jawab)

A GLANCE OF CATTLE (BOS JAVANICUS)

AS AN INDONESIAN NATURAL RESOURCE

By:

Anni Kusumaningsih
B.064010021/VetSci

E-mail: balitvet@indo.net.id

THE BACKGROUND OF BALI CATTLE

For over a hundred years, cattle production has been a popular activity in Indonesia. The animals serve not only as a source of protein, but also as a means for accumulating savings, generates employment, converts roughage into high value products, provides drought power, for achieving social status and for paying bride prices (Wiryosuhanto, 1996).

A number of cattle breeds indigenous to Indonesia exist. These include the Madura, Grati and Bali breeds have also been introduced extensively during the past century and crossed with the indigenous breeds.

Bali cattle (Bos javanicus sinonim Bos sondaicus) is a domesticated species of banteng (Bibos banteng) which has known from ancient times in Burma, Thailand, Indocina, The Malaysian peninsular, Sumatera, Java and Bali. Wild banteng are still found in West Java (Ujung Kulon Wildlife Reservation). Bali cattle are similar in type and appearance to wild banteng, but where and when their domestication took place is still a matter of scientific debate (Wiryosuhanto, 1996).

The color of the calves is tan. Female animals do not change their coat color, but in the males the color begins to change to black gray as they approach to maturity and becomes completely black when mature. If mature males are castrated, after a period of about four months the coat color may start changing and in certain instances may revert to the tan color of the female (Rouse, 1972 and Maule, 1990).

Bali island is recognized as the main source of pure Bali cattle. From Bali, they spead to other parts of Indonesia, to form two major foci in South Sulawesi and Nusa Tenggara. Bali cattle population have also been established in the islands of Java (East Java) and Sumatera (South Sumatera). In Java and Sumatera, the breed has been crossed – bred with Zebu breed (and Siregar, et.al., 1985 and Wiryosuhanto, 1996).

The cattle occupy an extremely important production niche in the livestock industries of Indonesia and are the most predominant genotype within the eastern islands. This well adapted genotype forms the basis for many small-holder enterprises in the region, but in recent times there have been considerable pressures placed on the Bali cattle population because of high demands for slaughter animals, and a probable decline in the genetic resources of the genotype (Entwistle, et.al., 2001).

The breed is also found in other countries, namely Malaysia (Sabah) and Northern Australia (Davendra, et.al., 1973; Payne, 1990 and Maule, 1990).

THE USES OF THE BALI BREED

Many scientists (Rouse, 1972; Arka, 1984; Hill, 1988; Masudana, 1990; Maule, 1990 and Wirdahayati, 1994) have suggested that Bali cattle have several adventages and disadvantages when compared with the others indigenous cattle breeds found in Indonesia.

Comparative advantages include:

· High fertility rate

The fertility rate is the percentage of normal calving produced by a group of mated female animals within a year. The fertility rate in Bali island is 83% (Aalf, 1934 dalam Wiryosuhanto, 1996), South Sulawesi and Malaysia are 82% (Wardoyo, 1950 and Davendra et. al., 1973).

· High production performance

These include the birth weight 16,8 kg; weaning weight 82,9 kg; yearling weight 127,5 kg; weight of puberty 170 kg and mature cow weight 303,3 kg.

· High adaptation

Bali cattle have a high adaptability to poor environmental condition and being to survive in any area and climate, such as poor nutrition, low levels of management, the wet – arid and semi arid areas of Indonesia (Pane, 1996; Wiryosuhanto, 1996 and Entwistle, 2001).

· Higher calving percentage

The calving percentage per year of a group of cattle is the number of calving divided by the number of adult cows, multiple by 100. The calving rate is ranging between 69-86% (Wiryosuhanto, 1996).

· Good beef performance traits

There is a low shrinkage during transit and the dressing out percentage of Bali cattle carcases are between 55% - 58%, the meat percentage of the bull (74%) is higher than in castrated males (69%) and the fat percentage (8%) is lower than in castrated males (13%).

· A high innate resistance to ticks and tick-borne diseases

· A good ability to rapidly recover condition after poor usage

· A good work capability

Comparative disadvantages include:

· Slow growing rate

Bali cattle given high quality feed produced on average daily gain (ADG) of only 660 grams (Moran, 1978).

· High calf mortality

Sumbung et.al. (1977) and Darmadja (1980) reported average calf mortality up to 6 months of age is ranging between 7,0% - 7,33%.

· Sesceptibility to Jembrana disease

Jembrana is the name given to a disease affecting Bali cattle which was first recognized in 1964 in the Jembrana district of Bali. The disease spread rapidly to surrounding districts and by August 1965 had occurred throughout Bali and an estimated 26.000 Bali cattle died out of a total population 300.000. A more endemic condition of bali cattle disease, currently known as Jembrana disease (JD) has been the topic of research since 1972. In Bali, JD is now endemic (Pratono and Pudjiastono, 1967 and Wiryosuhanto, 1996).

· Sucseptibility to Bali ziekte disease

Bali Ziekte (BZ) disease which attacks sporadically and with clinical signs similar to photosensitivity caused by liver function disorder. Sobari (1980) and Ressang (1984) suspected that a virus or poisonous plant (Lantana camara)was the causal agents.

· Susceptibility to Malignant Catarrhal Fever

Malignant Catarrhal Fever (MCF) affects cattle and buffalo sporadically with low incidence, but the case fatality rate up to 95%. MCF is caused by a virus (Partadiredja, 1988). Bali cattle are the most susceptible to MCF than other callte (Perangin-angin, 1988).

In general in Bali, the advantages of the breed outweigh the disadvantages and cattle keeping is popular. There are a number of reasons why farmers raise the breed in Bali.

These include:

· As a means of capital investment and saving

· For commercial purpose (fattening and beef production)

· For a provision of draught power

· As a means of utilizing otherwise unexploitable natural resources (particularly in dry areas), crop residues and agricultural waste

· Provided manure for improved soil fertility

In Bali, the principal reason for keeping Bali cattle is as source of draft power, especially for ploughing rice fields. Matthewman (1987) reported that in Lombok, Timor and South Sulawasi, Bali cattle are preferred to the local Ongole cattlefor draught purposes, because of their better draught capacity. Both sexes (male and female)are used for working, butfemales are used mainly for light work. The animals are used for drought purposes from 2,5 – 3 years of ages onwards (Binawa,et.al., 1976).

While the population of Bali cattle is increasing and the breed is being increasingly utilized by farmers, the production systems remains largely tradition in nature. Little attention has been paid researchers to the management and healthy problems encountered in this traditional system.

PRODUCTION CHARACTERISTIC

The Bali province cover 5.638,86 sq.km. and consist of 8 districts. In 2000, the Bali cattle population was reported at 529.064 heads. This contributed around 30% -35% of livestock population in Bali, excluding poultry. This indicated the relative importance of cattle keeping in the livestock sub-sector of Bali province.

From Table 1, it can be seen that the population has been increasing. Although in certain years ( 1982, 1987, 1988, 1991 and 1998), there have been a slight decrease in the population. Reasons for this population decline are many and varied. But in general, the average population growth rate is around 2,7% per year.

Bali cattle make a significant constribution to the Gross Regional Domestic (GRD). For the period 1983 – 1986, among the several agricultural sub-sectors in Bali, the livestock sub-sector was the second most important, after food crops (Statistical Office of Bali, 1988). The main constribution come from the export of live cattle, meat (frozen and processed) and by products (cattle hides, bones and cattle fats) (Livestock Office, 1988).

During the period 1980 – 1990, the export of live cattle and products have growth faster than cattle population growth rate, at 3,6% and 62,3% respectively compared with 2,7% per year. Data from 2000, the export and slaughtrings rate were 12,6% (Entwistle, et.al., 2001).

Table 1. Dynamic population of Bali cattle in Bali from 1981 – 2000

YEAR	POPULATION HEAD	POPULATION CHANGE (%)
1981	389.015	-
1982	387.835	- 0,30
1983	406.129	4,50
1984	413.830	1,86
1985	424.097	2,42
1986	429.690	1,30
1987	427.077	- 0,61
1988	426.478	- 0,14
1989	445.797	4,33
1990	456.179	2,28
1991	435.789	- 4,68
1992	471.888	7,65
1993	483.687	2,44
1994	491.329	1,56
1995	513.700	4,35
1996	528.400	2,78
1997	538.800	1,93
1998	524.615	- 2,70
1999	526.013	0,27
2000	529.064	0,58

Source : BPS 1983, 1985, 1987, 1989, 1991, 1993, 1995, 1997 and 1999

Figure 1. Dynamic population of Bali cattle in Bali from 1981 – 2000

BREEDING SYSTEM

In Bali, the cattle herds are generally quite small, with only 3-4 cattle per family (small-holder enterprises). The male calves are usually kept for fattening. They are needed to supply the local market , meat processing industries and to be exported to the capital city. The female calves are for breeding purposes, to maintain the balance of cattle population.

Basically, there are three (3) kinds of tradisional cattle rearing known in Bali island.

· The first system of cattle rearing.

This is when the cattle are kept and tied in a very simple stable with a soil floor and a roof of iron sheets or dry grass/straw. Commonly all the calves, heifers and cows are kept together in the same place, but the fattening steers are kept separately.

Rearing in the stable is especially for fattening purpose, but the stable is more permanent and the cattle are fed with the grass twice a day, in the morning and in the late afternoon. However, the fattening steers receive better quality of grass with added concentrate

· The second system of cattle rearing.

Where the cattle, except the fattening steers, are kept and tied in the grassland area for a long time. The cattle eat the grass field ad libidum. The farmers will check the cattle regularly, for example twice a week, for tying the cattle to other parts of the pasture, because in this area the grass has been eaten and lot of dung pats are there.

· The third system of cattle rearing.

This is combination of both rearing systems. The cattle are kept and tied in the pasture throughout the day for grazing, but during the night the cattle are kept in the stable

All the cattle rearing system, have both strengths and weakness, especially concerning the trasmission of the diseases and re-infestation of gastrointestinal worms among the cattle themselves.

REFFERENCES

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