Group VI Presentation                                                                          Posted  24 October 2001

Science Philosophy (PPs 702)

Graduate Program

Institut Pertanian Bogor

October  2001

 

Instructor:

Prof Dr Ir Rudy C Tarumingkeng                                                                                                             

 

 

 

THE ENVIRONMENTAL  MANAGEMENT OF THE SEGARA ANAKAN LAGOON

AND ITS SORROUNDINGS, CILACAP,  CENTRAL JAVA,  INDONESIA

 

 

By:

 

Abubakar, Agustinus Yacub, Asriani Hasanudin, Ery Suhartanto, Herman Tabrany, Jarot. Prianggono,

Joko Christanto, Mobius Tanari, Saihul Anwar (Ketua), Siti Marwah

 

 

ABSTRACT

This article is written based on the Research that was carried out in the Segara Anakan Lagoon on the south coast of Central Java, immediately northwest of Cilacap, Central Java, and about 350 km southeast of Jakarta. The lagoon and its surroundings are marked by several distinctive features, including an extensive mangrove system, very rapid sedimentation, leading to progradation of the shoreline, strong tidal influence and the presence of many varieties of fish, crab and shrimp.

The main objective of the article is to prepare  the Segara Anakan environs so as to ensure that economically and socially valuable ecosystems are protected for the benefit of current and future generations.

The method used in the study is by using the analysis of  secondary data for supporting the result of the study. The result of the study shows that commercial cutting and degradation of the mangroves has to be controlled through the related agency concerned, and the need to be prepare more sustainable basis for conserving and developing the lagoon’s future resource base.

 Based on the result of study, recommendation can be formulated as follows: mangrove forest need to be protected by preparing forest management guidance and instructions  that can be accessed and operasionalized by people in Kampung Laut easily. Beside that, a certain areas should be made for the people in Kampung Laut to use, for example as agricultural land, ponds and regeneration areas. The mangrove forest in the surrounding of the Segara Anakan  lagoon should be made as a protected zone. And the best option for this is likely to be community base management. This is emphasized local, village level, and control of resources.

 

 

 

 

INTRODUCTION

 
Background

 

The lagoon is a closely interlinked ecosystem comprising open water areas, mudflats, salt marshes and mangrove forests offering niches and habitats for a wide variety of animal and plant species, many of them endangered. It plays an important role in productivity of the coastal water of southern part of Central Java and hence supports economically to the livelihood of people. The lagoon is one of the few remaining wetland areas in the region and offers roosting and nesting places for a number of stationary and migratory birds.

The shoreline of the Segara Anakan Lagoons has rapidly decreased during recent decades, especially after the explosions of the Galunggung Mountain in 1983. The accretion has been from the north to the south and  from the east to the west side of the area. This rapid sedimentation is due mainly to sediment from the Citanduy river and the other smaller streams. The effect of tides and currents on the morphology is very quick change.

All islands and newly formed land in the Segara anakan lagoon proved to be occupied by the same species found along the shoreline of the lagoon. The newly formed land is being inverted by mangrove species, of which avicennia species are considered the chief pioneers (Soeryowinoto, 1980 in Agus Pudjoarinto, 1982, cited from Eric, C.F., 1982) along with Rizhophora. According to Hardjo suwarno (1980, cited from Eric, C.F., 1982), at the mouth of the Donan river in the front zone of mangrove consists predominantly of Avicennia species, but in the mouth of Pekalongan river, Sonneratia species are dominants. Rujiman (1974) mentioned that around the mouth of the Alur Buntu river, the front mangrove zone is dominated by zonneratia alba Smith. He is also considered that Sonneratia alba Smith also as pioneer along the coast of the Segara Anakan area.

 

The mangrove forest of the Segara Anakan  is now degrading due to the density of the population of the area surrounding the forest leading to illegal cutting and the conversion of the mangrove forest into areas of settlement and agriculture. According to Wiryokarmodjo, et al. 1979, it can be seen that half of the mangrove forest in Kampung Laut has been damaged.

Poor upland soil management in the two watersheds causes considerable amount of sediments to be able to enter into the lagoon, bringing about a steady land accretion which overtime will completely engulf open water areas and wetlands. It is expected that within a period of ten years, the lagoon will have been completely choked by sediments and will have ceased to exist. The area  that will have been a highly valuable and productive ecosystem will be covered by sediments and will only offer marginal farmlands for rainfed agricultural practices. In a subsequent definition of current threats and disturbances that have an impact on natural site processes and site value.  As may be seen that the major management issues of the Segara Anakan are: 1) high rate of lagoon sedimentation and reducing open water area and water volume caused by agricultural development activities in the catchments areas and poor area management; 2) steady loss of mangrove forest area surrounding    lagoon   caused by poor   lagoon area and buffer zone   management;  3) uncontrolled aquaculture expansion of upland developments caused by poor lagoon area management; 4) uncoordinated and heavily impacting expansion of upland developments caused by poor buffer zone management; 5) uncontrolled and un-monitored pollution inputs caused by lack of management of the catchments area and from buffer zone (run offs of fertilizers and pesticides from farming plus household waste) and probably, from aquaculture.

 

Objective of study

 

The general objective of the study is to prepare the environmental management of the Segara Anakan lagoon and its surroundings so as to ensure that economically and socially valuable ecosystems are protected for the benefit of current and future generations.

 

Method Used

 

The method of the study is an  analysis of  the secondary data. The secondary data were obtained from several sources, namely: library, newspaper, related institutions. An analysis secondary data has been used for obtaining the result that can be applied to manage Segara Anakan. The secondary data is data that has been obtained from institutions, such as: constitutes media government report, pas project report document, government statistic/ministries, past report, brochures, conference, workshops etc.

 

 Scope of Study

 

The scope of the study consists of the following items: 1) create a basis for sustainable management of natural resources in and around the Segara Anakan Lagoon and; 2) stabilize  the offshore fisheries that largely depends on the  existence and ecological soundness and functioning of the Segara Anakan Lagoon.

 

GENERAL DESCRIPTION OF THE STUDY AREA

 

Study Area and Location

 

The Segara Anakan lagoon mangrove complex, commonly called Segara Anakan lagoon, is located on the south coast of Java and administratively The Segara Anakan is located in Kawunganten Subdistrict, Cilacap, Central Java. The Segara Anakan Lagoon consists of a central lagoon surrounded by mangrove swamps and recently accreted intertidal land that has partially been converted into rice fields. The central lagoon has remaining surface area of about 1,700 Ha and is surrounded by an equal area of sloughs and tributaries, draining the mangrove swamps and intertidal land, respectively. There are about 12,230 Ha of mangrove forests, with varying degrees of disturbance, surrounding  the lagoon. The Lagoon is connected  to the Indian Ocean through two tidal channels, some 25 km apart, and is protected from the sea by the rocky Nusa Kambangan island (about 30,000 ha) that runs parallel to the coast. The lagoon complex receives inflow from two major river basins: the Citanduy basin, with a catchments area of about 350,000 ha; and the Segara Anakan basin, with a catchments area of about 96,000 ha, that drains through the lagoon via two principal rivers, the Cibeureum and Cikonde.

 

Geological view point

 

Van Bemelen (1949) stated that the coastal lowland belongs to the central depression zone of Java, the continuation of the Citanduy Depression. The eastern area, a broad coastal plain  with almost flat topography, consists of beach sands, with intercalations of iron-sand pockets. The extent of the lithology varies widely. The smooth coastline in this area indicates that marine processes are stronger than terrestrial influxes. Unlike the eastern area, where marine processes exceed terrestrial influxes, the area surroundings the Segara Anakan shows that  terrestrial agents play dominant role in deposition. The Segara Anakan itself is a body of brackish water, situated north of Nusa Kambangan Island. This Island  acts as a barrier  protecting the Segara Anakan from the wave of currents of the Indian Ocean, resulting in a low energy environment in the Segara Anakan. The Segara Anakan is connected with the Indian Ocean by two outlets, namely the western and the eastern. Since it occupies the south-eastern continuation of the broad alluvial plain in the Citanduy River, as well as from the Cibereum that flows in from the north. This results of the flows in shallowing and narrowing of the Segara Anakan. If there is no countermeasures are taken, it can be predicted that within a few decades the present  estuary will be completely choked with alluvium. At present, the tide affected lowland surrounding the Segara anakan is in the form of a mangrove swamp, crisscross by interconnected tidal channels and underlied by alluviums and swamp sediments in the form of clay and silt mixed with organic materials.

 

Geomorphologic View point

 

A coast, in particularly beach, is often a rapidly changing landform. The complexity of the forces initiating frequently rapid beach changes makes a proper analysis of coastal features difficult (Zuidam and Zuidam, 1978). The beach form is affected by the following main features; the beach material, wave, wind and tide. Human interference may have a market effect on the beach, such as structures as harbors and piers modifying the natural movement  of beach material so as to cause profound changes in the immediate vicinity and adjoining areas (Zuidam and Zuidam, 1978). They also said that marshy or muddy land areas in the coastal zone which are covered and uncovered by the rise and fall of the tide are called tidal flats  and these areas exist around the Segara Anakan. Typical of such flats are strongly curved, wide-open creeks and vegetation patterns. The vegetation differences causing such patterns are the result of differences in elevation, texture and water qualities. Beach ridges are continuous mounds of beach material formed immediately behind the beach by wave action. Ridges may occur singly or in a series of approximately parallel deposits. The Cilacap region is formed by smoothly curved sandy beach ridges stretching continuously from Nusa Kambangan to Karangbolong, interrupted only by rivers which enter the Indian  Ocean. Numerous older beach ridges, approximately parallel to the coastline of today, can be traced inland, and they record stages in shoreline progradation. They are absent from the Segara Anakan area, which was always protected from wave by the hill of Nusa Kambangan, and are best developed along those parts of the coastline most exposed to the South-East winds (Verstappen, 1975).

 

Environmental View Point

 

The Segara Anakan Environs are the only extensive lagoon mangrove complex remaining on Java. It is highly productive, supporting coastal fisheries that are of prime economic importance to the region. The ecosystem are made up of variety of major habitats; mangroves, silt water marshes, intertidal mudflat, and open water. It is the synergy of all of these habitats that underlines the importance of its productive functions and environmental values, in particular its function as a major nursery ground for many of the economically important fish/shrimp species in the coastal waters. The true value of the wetlands has been long disregarded but is now being increasingly recognized.  Wetland ecosystem s account for about  six percent of the global land area and are considered to be among the most threatened of environmental resources. Wetland ecological systems contain many animal/plant species, occupy key positions in natural resources production, and perform vital functions with regard to nutrient cycles and  filtering tasks. They regulate water flows, provide a habitat for wild animals and birds and offer a rich variety of products for people living in/or near the vicinity. The Segara Anakan lagoon forms an ecosystem of considerable environmental and economic value. Freshwater and nutrients from the rivers mix with sea water and detritus mater (leaf litter) from the mangroves to forms a highly productive condition for both lagoon and marine life. The lagoon itself is a highly productive fishery but even more important, it is a nursery for shrimp and demersal finfish that are primarily caught in coastal water outside the lagoon. 

 

Socio-Economic Dimensions

 

The lagoon has considerable cultural value and significance; people have lived here for more than hundreds of years. Due to the environmental destruction and man-made interventions the livelihood of these people and a valuable ecosystem will be inevitably annihilated if no action is taken. The lagoon is an important breeding and resting ground for endangered wildlife, and it supports the south Java shrimp fishery, which contributes substantial export earnings to the National Government (Based on the report of Department of Fisheries, the annual production reported at Cilacap is approximately 9,000 tons). Kampung Laut in the Segara Anakan Lagoon area, consists of three villages are subdivided into eight subvillages: Ujung gagak village  with the sub-villages of Karanganyar and Cibeureum; Panikel with Muara Dua, Bugel and Panikel; Ujung Alang with Motean, Klaces (on Nusa Kambangan Island) and Ujung Alang Baru.

 

Population and Population Number; and Migration.

 

Among the villages, the most densely populated is Panikel. Table 1 shows settlement areas, village population and population density.

 

 

Table 1. Settlement Areas, Village Population and Population Density

No

Village

Settlement Area

(Ha)

Population

Population Density (No. of Persons/ha)

1

Ujung Alang

452.6

4,391

10

2

Ujung Gagak

184.2

3,673

20

3

Panikel

132.9

3,679

28

Total

 

769.7

11,743

15

Source: Monografi Desa, 1997

 

 

The in migration into the Kampung Laut is very low. On the other hand, a high out migration started in the 1980’s, mainly by young people who look for employment elsewhere. Most of the inhabitants were born in their villages. Only a negligible number of persons have migrated into the Kampung Laut during the recent years.

 

Level of Education

 

The existing few schools are confined to the primary school level, and have been extended moderately to encompass most hamlets. Due to the instability of some of the newly accreted soil base, several of school buildings have been damaged, and after being repaired several times, are in a few cases no longer occupied. There are 12 schools in total, 9 elementary and 3 junior high schools located in Ujung Alang (4); Ujung Gagak (4); and Panikel (4). Some teachers such as those working in Panikel commute daily from Kawunganten, a practice that reduces the effective hours spent for teaching. The level of education of inhabitants of the Kampung Laut of Kawunganten subdistrict is shown in the following table.

 

 

Table 2. Level of Education in Kampung Laut

No

Level of Education

Ujung Alang

Ujung Gagak

Panikel

Total

No

%

No

%

No

%

No

%

1

Elementary School

452

73.2

256

61.7

296

65.6

1,872

61.5

2

Junior High school

99

16.0

99

23.8

94

20.8

833

37.3

3

Senior High school

62

10.0

56

13.5

58

12.9

328

10.0

4

Academy/University

5

0.8

4

1.0

3

0.7

12

0.4

 

Total

618

100

415

100

451

100

3,045

100

Source: Monografi Desa, 1997

 

 

The majority of inhabitants of the Kampung Laut of Segara Anakan graduated from elementary school, and only small percentage obtained on academic degree. The illiteracy rate was estimated to be 30% and this still appears to be the case. However, this relatively high percentage is most likely due to the fact that younger people with formal education use to leave their village. According to preliminary interview that has been conducted, there is a change in perception and attitude regarding higher education. Many in the young generation are aware of the fact that on alternative way of improving income and standard of living is to obtain higher formal education. It is this group  that is most likely to emigrate as soon as individuals achieved an educational attainment.

 

Income and Livelihood

 

The primary source of income for local people is the lagoon fisheries which have decreased from time to time. There is engagement in new income sources like farming, mangrove lumber and labor, but the options are limited.

 

The average level of per capita household income of the villagers in the area generally does not meet the minimum basic needs. According to the head of village (Kepala Desa), people in Ujung Alang earn less than Rp 150,000.00 (Rupiah A hundred fifty thousands) per month in the average. The average income of the people in Ujung Gagak is much higher than that, reaching Rp 450,000.00 (Rupiah Four Hundred and Fifty Thousands). Panikel, on the other hand, is certainly the most impoverished village of the Kampung Laut. Here, most villagers are depending on marginal rainfed farming. The low general income of the people in Kampung Laut is caused by almost all people in the area worked and were employed in some capacity, but underemployment was still a problem. Fishing was the almost common livehood, but this was seasonal and depended on the weather and environmental conditions.

 

The accretion of land and subsequent growth of the islands allowed more farming and gardening activities. Small scale of farming augmented food supply for local consumption but contributed little in income generation.

 

Flooding and inundation of hamlets and agricultural lands poses a persistent problem in the perception of villagers in Panikel.  During the last two years they were unable to work their paddies, and most of them had to look for gainful employment outside the lagoon. They recall the flood about 12 years ago that left their land covered with 1.5 m of mud and caused 8 deaths among them. A decade ago, they suffered and acute famine and had to be supplied with food by a private organization.

 

 

Table 3. Main Occupation of Household Heads in Kampung Laut

No

Occupation

Ujung Alang

Ujung Gagak

Panikel

Total

No

%

No

%

No

%

No

%

1

Fishing

936

29.3

779

32.0

483

16.7

2,410

22.8

2

Farm Labor

603

18.9

491

20.2

796

27.5

2,465

23.4

3

Farming

893

28.0

674

27.8

978

33.7

3,327

31.5

4

Other Labor

193

6.1

69

2.8

143

4.9

503

4.8

5

Civil Service

20

0.7

24

1.0

21

0.7

82

0.8

6

Others

545

17.0

391

16.2

477

16.5

1,767

16.7

7

Total

3,190

100.0

2,428

100.0

2,898

100.0

10,554

100.0

Source: Monografi Desa, 1997

 

 

Fishing is the dominant source of income in Ujung Alang and Ujung Gagak, whereas in Panikel, farmer is the main occupation (see table 3). In view of decreasing catches in the lagoon, some people are in the process of shifting from fishing to farming.

 

Health Standards and Sanitation Facilities

 

Although the health standard in the villages had apparently improved slightly since the time of the report by White et al (1989), the sanitation and health situation in the villages within Segara Anakan environs is still very poor. All villages suffer from lack of Sanitary facilities and supplies of potable water, with the exception of Klaces on Nusa Kambangan. The problem is compounded during dry season. In Ujung Alang, water was piped from Nusa Kambangan, the underwater pipe, however, was frequently hit by a ship and damaged in the process. It has not been repaired yet, reportedly due to lack of funds. Potable water is now ferried from Nusa Kambangan, a trip of more than 3 hours to Ujung Gagak.

 

Socio-economic impacts are positive and arise from the interventions that inhibit further loss of the lagoon’s resource base and introduce group strategies, through village organizations and women groups, for more sustainable management of the lagoon’s resources. They also arise  from a specific interventions to improve village infrastructure, access to facilities institutional and legal frameworks, and income generating opportunities.

 

Accessibility, Means of Transport

 

The sole mean of communication within the lagoon of water transport. A number of privately operated boats serve the Kampung Laut and provide transportation services on call for passengers and goods, together with public transport boats. The water way between Nusa Kambangan and Mudflats and Islands in the Lagoon is the thoroughfare for large car ferries that communicate between Cilacap, Majingklak and Kalipucang.

 

 

ANALYSIS AND DISCUSSIONS

 

The Changes of the Water Body and Mangrove Forest

 

 In 1903, the lagoon’s water surface was estimated to be about 6,450 Ha, it is now about 1,700 ha. In 1930, the mangrove forest was about 35,000 ha of robust trees, it is now about 12,000 ha of which only about 5,600 ha remains in slightly to moderately disturbed conditions. Without any intervention, it has been estimated that, in less than ten years, the lagoon would be completely filled in leaving behind swampy lands that would eventually be converted into low yielding rain fed rice fields on marginal soils.  The remaining mangrove forests would rapidly disappear because of a lack of sustainable management systems and would eventually be cut down by outsiders or by a subset of farmers/fishermen searching for a ways to increase their incomes. If the lagoon is lost, it would be impossible to reinstate its environmental integrity. The lagoons provides habitat for 85 species of birds, as well as sea otters, other aquatic fauna, deer, monkeys and several small mammals.

 

Basis for the mangrove reforestation is Presidential Decree No. 32 of 1992 which demarcates landward zones: 50 m wide from rivers, and 100 m from coastlines. If implemented, the areas along the rivers in the Segara Anakan lagoon will covers approximately 2,800 ha. Another document to be applied in the mangrove forest reforestation and management program of the Segara Anakan lagoon and its mangrove forest is the  Mangrove Charter where the government of Indonesia principally recognizes the importance of mangroves.

 

The mangrove area around Segara Anakan is unique and particular in a global context: according to large number of investigations in other part of the world (Hutchings and Saenger, 1954; cited from ECI, 1994), above ground biomass is the range of 60 to 200 m3/ha. The highest reported value was 235 m3/ha. For Segara Anakan the Ecology Team (1984) estimated biomass value of up to 590 m3/ha or more than twice the highest value found elsewhere in the world.

 

The general most urgent problem of the mangrove forest around the lagoon is its over-harvested status and the partial devastation. A sign of the General over utilization is the fact that villagers now return to harvest buttress roots of Hiritiera littoralis for charcoal burning long after the trees has been cut, and likewise harvest are real roats of Rhizophora Spp.

 

Contrary to the open-access areas in the west lagoon, the condition of the protected zone in the eastern part of generally good by comparison. However, even this protected forest (hutan lindung), which is supposed to be protected, holds no large trees but must rather be said to be in stage of healthy, early re-growth (source: information obtained from Perhutani Cilacap, and observation from the project).

 

The Challenges of Improving Standard of Living

 

One of the challenges in achieving improved standards of living in developing countries including Indonesia, and more specifically in the Segara anakan Lagoon (Cilacap, Middle Java) is to increase agricultural and fisheries productivity without causing environmental degradation. In the face of rapidly growing populations, productivity of land must not only be preserved but must be increased to meet the demands for food and fiber. Java is blessed with a rare combination of soils and climate that can support some of the world’s highest rural population densities. But even Java is stretching the limit of carrying capacity of its deep soils and ample rainfall.

 

Farmers on the margin of agricultural society have traditionally relied upon shifting cultivation to produce crops on low land and sloping lands. Under conditions of low population density and  long fallow period, shifting cultivation can be a sustainable form of agriculture. If population growth and competition for resources shorten the fallow periods and prevent the return of the forest, then forest ecosystems degenerate. The intensive use of tropical rain forests is often followed by human impoverishment and by the loss of millions and millions of years of evolution, not only a plant, fish and animal species, but of the most complex biotic communities in the world. When pressures of increasing populations and growing demands by lowland interests for upland resources (plantations, forest products, water, hydropower, and recreation) constrict the agricultural land base, then shifting cultivators must become settled, permanent farmers. If this transition  from shifting cultivation to permanent agriculture is not accompanied by sustainable farming systems, environmental degradation and worsening poverty will result.

 

This Citanduy watershed is located in the southern portion of West Java and covers more or less 446,000 ha (including the Segara Anakan sub Watershed) of heavily dissected mountains, steep slopes, and flat alluvial areas. Approximately half of the Citanduy watershed is rolling hill country, with the remaining half almost equally divided between mountainous area, mostly under 1,000 m in elevation, and alluvial plains. The population is estimated to be about 3.4 million, for a density of 760 persons/km2 although the density of the Citanduy basin is slightly higher.

 

The Segara anakan Basin extends from the Sidoarjo lowlands, and the origin of the Cikujang River in the west, to the Jeruklegi rivers in the east, and from the headwaters of the Cihaur River in the North to Nusa Kambangan island in the south. The Segara Anakan and its environs covers about 96,000 ha. The Segara Anakan area consists principally of hydromorphic alluvial soils, dark gray alluvial soils, and a small area of red latosols. Most of the geologic units in the Segara Anakan basin are composed of volcanic material except for the reef limestone and marine sediment near the Segara Anakan Lagoon.

 

The residual soils in the hill areas, which make up about 85 percent of the Citanduy watershed, are being eroded by rainfall impact and by stream channel cutting. This sediments are transported by the various rivers  in the watershed to the alluvial plain. The average sediments yield have been estimated at about 5 millimeters per year. Landslides and other mass movements of soil and loose rock that reach active watercourses are also a significant source of sediment as are mining operations near the riverbank. The filling rate has increased to such extent that the surface area is estimated to decrease from the current 1,400 ha to about 550 ha by the year of 2000 (ECI, 1987). Management in the area has to focus on viable alternative income sources such as appropriate aquaculture, offshore fishing, simple farming, animal husbandry and, possibly, home craft.  Land and water tenure is also an increasing concern, especially if the people are to have a hand in the management strategy for limited uses and control of fishing methods. The fishing right system and land resource use system for mangroves and farm lands can be developed. Education needs to be an integral part of this process (Alan T. White et al, 1989).

 

Fisheries (present conditions and key issues)

 

Between 10% and 30%  of the population of the Kampung Laut are engaged in fishing as their main source of income. Fish make up between 20% to 40% of catches, with the rest being crustaceans. Shrimp catches consist mainly of juveniles caught in tidal traps, gill nets and cast nets. Catches and average catch rates from the lagoon have  steadily decreased during recent years. Reasons from this are lagoon in filling and subsequent reduction of volume of water and over fishing and over harvesting. Destructive fishing gear such as fine meshes nets with mess sizes of 4 mm and less are common (e.g. fishing gears called apong, wide tadahan; White et al, 1989). This practice constitutes an acute danger to the required rejuvenation of exploited fish stocks in the lagoon and  in a near shore and offshore waters. As consequence of increased fishing pressure and, consequently, of declining catches, fishers now tend to change their orientation the southern coast of Nusa Kambangan. Some of this fishers use homemade diving equipment and apply pesticides in the capture of lobsters.

 

Fisheries regulations and laws applicable to the fishery in Segara Anakan that are existent and supposedly in force refer to a minimum mesh size of 25 mm; the use of destructive fishing such as poisons and explosives is considered a criminal offence. Other regulations regarding fishery that are in force are the establishment of a task force to control the use of destructive fishing gear and to deliver extensions services (Bupati Decision No. 253/1987). The task force is headed by Dinas Perikanan Cilacap and representatives from the private sector. The same decision affects the prohibition of jaring arad in the lagoon. Other relevant regulations concern the establishment of licensing team for the development of breakishwater fishponds (Decision No. 503/1988).

 

The key issue facing the Segara Anakan fisheries is better management of the fishery to optimize both within Segara Anakan as a spawning and nursery area. At present, key constraint on proper management are: 1) a limited ecological understanding of the relationships between ocean and lagoon fisheries; 2) lack of accurate fishery data; 3) a very limited fishery management system for making management decisions and enforcing them.

 

Aquaculture

 

The favorable conditions of the lagoon and limnic environment in its western part attracted considerable past and present development of shrimp farms. According to the information given by Project Management Office (PMO of Segara Anakan Conservation and Development Project), a high yet unknown percentage of farms were (and are) developed without any licenses or clearance from either Perhutani or Kabupaten (district).  About half the farms are under semi-intensive or modified intensive management regimes, where aerators are used to allow for high stocking densities. Despite such technical facilities and inputs, more or less all farms seem to be rather poorly managed.

 
The Development for The Segara Anakan Area

 

The development process for the Segara Anakan is located on the left of Citanduy river basin. Citanduy river basin is drains into the Segara Anakan, any change in Citanduy river morphology will influence the Segara Anakan Lagoon area.  The capacity of the Segara Anakan Lagoon is rapidly decreasing due to sedimentation and consequent decrease in depth of the Segara Anakan Lagoon and this will effect  Cilacap Ocean port. The Sidareja-Cihaur plain and the Segara Anakan tidal swamp area have a high potential for agricultural use. Aside from the previous description of the Citanduy River basin, comprise of the Citanduy, Cimuntur, Cijolang, Cikawung and Ciseel subriver basins with as area of 350,000 ha along with 96,000 ha. Segara Anakan has a great potential for land and water resources development. The optimal utilization of land, water and human resources in the Segara anakan along with the development of the Citanduy  area can best achieved by plans considering the project as single river basin development scheme.

 

The following plan for the Citanduy River Basin of 446,000 ha are presented in chronological order from  the earliest known (M. Napitupulu et al, 1982):

-         In 1933, prior to the world war II, the West Java Public Works Office (2e District Verkeer & Waterstraat 1938) proposed a scheme for flood protection and utilization of the Citanduy River Basin Water by the construction of strategic flood deversion structures. From the study of the aerial photographs, it can be seen that some of the proposed measures were put into effect with considerable benefit. The old channel improvement measures are particularly easy to locate on the photographs.

-         Blommenstein (1948) proposed a plan for control  the lower Citanduy System as well as  the reclamation of the Segara Anakan Area. Under the Blommenstein plan, the Segara Anakan and the surrounding tidal forest was to be converted into a big polder (30,000 ha) by leveeing the Citanduy River on both sides and diverting the Citanduy River Discharge directly into the Indian Ocean. The Segara Anakan inlets from the sea were to be closed by means of cut-off levees located at the eastern and western outlets to the sea and the resulting polder was to be drained by pumping. He envisaged that local rainfall and irrigation water would flush the salt water and eventually the area could  be used for productive agriculture. For the development of irrigation from the Cidanduy River, the Blommentstein proposal included the diversion of a portion of the Citanduy River flow for irrigation purposes in Lakbok area of West Java, and a second diversion for irrigation purposes in the Sidareja area of Central Java.

-         PT. Indah Karya Consultants (1969)  were commissioned to draw up a comprehensive development programme for the Citanduy River Basin. This study proposed that the Segara anakan area be reclaimed by diverting the flood flows of the Citanduy River into the Segara Anakan. The diversion schemes were purposed at (a) Cilongkrang, to divert a maximum of 100 m3/second  from the Citanduy River to the Segara Anakan via the Cibeureum River and (b) at Nusawuluh, to divert maximum of 200 m3/second from the Citanduy River via  Cikujang River. In both cases the diversion has a dual purpose, namely decreasing flood discharge in the Citanduy River and accelerating sedimentation for the reclamation of the Segara Anakan area.

-         In 1975, as part of Master Plan Study of the Citanduy  River Basin, Enggineering Consultants Inc. (ECI) proposed the reclamation of the Segara Anakan lagoon, the tidal swamps, and the marshes by a combination of cut-off levees in Segara Anakan outlet provided with gates. This proposal (RCI 1975 a, 1975 b, Turner 1975 and Marr 1976) would virtually prevent salt-water intrusion from the ocean and would create, within a determined range of elevations, a fresh water lake (coastal reservoir). In addition to reducing sediment inflow into the Segara Anakan and maintaining reasonable capacity, it was proposed to divert the Citanduy River directly into the Indian Ocean.

-   In June 1976, As a result of further study, E.C.I. (1975 c) issued report, “ Segara Anakan Special Re-evaluation of Sedimentation”. The following conclusion quoted from that report:” The recently obtained surroundings of the Segara Anakan indicate that the volume has decreased in five years to 50 percent (56 MCM) of the 1971 value (112 MCM). By the time construction can be completed and the project put into operation the fresh water reservoir (coastal) will have diminished to a size too small to accomplish the project objective. Therefore, it is the recommendation of the consultant that the sub-project as described in 1975 feasibility report be radically revised”.

-         In the period of 1976 and 1978, after the abandoning of the Segara anakan reclamation Sub project, The Citanduy River Basin Project proceeded with the implementation of the other three aspects of water resources development, namely: (a) designing a flood control scheme for the lower Citanduy Ciseel Basin; (b) undertaking a feasibility study for the upper Watershed Conservation Programme; (c) designing and rehabilitating various new irrigation drainage schemes, namely rehabilitation of seven existing irrigation projects (13,000 ha) located in the Lower Citanduy-Ciseel area, and feasibility studies and design of several new irrigation projects: Penulisan (600 ha), Banjar Plains (795 ha), and Sidareja-Cihaur (20,400 ha). Specifically, the Sidareja-Cihaur irrigation area covers the Sidareja and Cihaur (Sidareja east) areas and a part of the Segara Anakan area which has already been converted into rice cultivation.

-         In October 1979 Blommenstein (1979) again recommended the reclamation of Segara Anakan and its environs by creating a polder in “A comprehensive plan for the development of the controlled irrigation systems in Java and Madura” which was submitted to the Department of Public Works.

 

Subsequently, The Asian Development Bank is committed to promoting environmentally sustainable economic development. Based on the chronological shown that since early thirttied, several study teams have purposed different plans for the lagoon. There has been a general shift from reclamation objectives to conservation the Segara Anakan lagoon mangrove system in sustaining the lagoon and offshore fisheries.

 

Tourism Plan

 

The Integrated Management Plan for Segara Anakan, Cilacap, Central Java, Indonesia (ASEAN/US, 1992) and ECI (1987) report on the tourism potential of the area. According to the report, 13,987 foreign and 63,457 domestic tourists visited area, mostly on their way (by ferry) from Cilacap to Pangandaran, a beach resort located on a small peninsula 10 km west of Segara Anakan. Only limited attempts have been made to develop the area into a tourist destination in itself. With proper management and government support, the area has a good potential for domestic and international tourism development. The tourism Authority of Central Java has designed a master plan (1998) for the conversion of Nusa Kambangan into tourist destination. Major potential attractions are: Kakangbandung beach on Wijaya Kusuma Island; Permisan Beach and pasir putih on Nusa Kambangan with their white beaches; a number of caves with an attractive fauna; Indralaya passage with its unique coastal system.

 

The plan prioritizes eco-tourism over “un-natural” tourism in the sense of large areas of the islands will be under protective management and conservation and that development of tourism of tourism facilities are strictly limited to a certain areas.

 

The Plan for Reducing the Lagoon Sedimentation

 

Details of the interventions are discussed in ECI (1994). The Citanduy diversion will reduce the lagoon sedimentation by about 95%; with 5% still being carried into the lagoon by tidal currents. The rationale behind the planned Cikonde diversion is to expedite sediments transport out of the lagoon before it has time to settle by accelerating water flow and hence sediment transports. The diversion will reduce the total sediment load of the lagoon to level that will be manageable by means of an annual dredging program. This is actually very controversial because of the dumpsite locations will be in areas that are very suitable for mangrove rehabilitation and reforestation.

 

The main, if not the only cause of the degradation of the Segara Anakan is certainly the uncontrolled erosion in the upper watersheds on the river system. Increased erosion is inevitable consequence of hill-side farming. The degree of erosion is dependent on the slope of the land, the rainfall erosivity characteristics of the soil, patterns of rainfall, and the agricultural practices of the farmer. Given that upland farmers face significant cost in adopting soil conservation measures and changes in farming system, they are unlikely to make changes in their land management unless they can see an economic advantage in doing so. Upland farmers presently dependent on low return cropping systems, such as maize or cassava, may be aware that soil erosion is reducing their productivity, but may not be able to afford conservation measures. For annual crops such as maize and cassava, terracing can reduce erosion but without substantially raising profitability. At the other extreme, farmers with very profitable crops that are highly erosive, such as temperate vegetables grown on deep, highly productive volcanic soils on steep slopes may not consider soil conservation if their returns are not effected by soil erosion.

 

As outlined above a participatory approach in the lagoon area is instrumental for the success of the sustainably manage of the Segara Anakan lagoon. The awareness campaigns and participatory inputs will also be instrumental in assessing the willingness of the beneficiaries to actually pay for the various benefits they received.

 

The participation of the local government, NGOs and the community will undoubtedly be a crucial part of the management plan and follow up activities. This does not preclude participation and support of the national government, but because of the nature of the local resource use conflicts, people must agree to change their ways. Law enforcement can not be the only means of changing use patterns. This very large impact on the physical environment will only stabilize with significant national support, planning and coordination with the upper River Basin Projects and land use arrangements.

 

Micro level sustainable mangrove management has to be prepared through the efforts to reduce the level of wood-cutting in the lagoon, through local participation and group management, and to encourage rehabilitation and upgrading of existing mangroves and viable management options which provide incentives to local residents.

 

One approach would be to resurrect and redirect local traditions of common property management in rice field (sawah) formation and fisheries. Small groups at the hamlet level could be given responsibility for managing specific segment of mangrove forests, and in particular those within the vicinity of their residential areas. A second challenge will be to develop techniques and incentives for rehabilitation and sustainable management.

 

 

CONCLUSIONS

 

The natural resources of coastal marine areas are unlike their terrestrial counterparts and therefore require different forms of management, for example: coralreefs, beaches, coastal lagoons and intertidal mangrove forest have no counterparts in terrestrial resources. Threats to the productivity of these unique resources systems arise from development activities and their side effects, such as reef and beach mining, shoreline filling, lagoon pollution, sedimentation, and other activities that are distinct from those on land. There is a need for the management of the coastal area as a unit by integrating the management process with all appropriate economic sectors.

 

The mangrove forest in Segara anakan need some forms of protection, the Tumpang sari tambak (alternating purpose ponds) project could be extended by following the plans that have been prepared, guidance and instructions in forest management should be given to the people in Kampung Laut (Ujung Alang, Ujung Gagak, Panikel) and its surrounding, certain areas should be made available for the people in Kampung Laut to use, for example as agricultural land, ponds, and regeneration areas; the mangrove forest in Karanganyar (Ujung Gagak) should be made  as a strickly protected forest because the mangrove natural regeneration in here is the best. Due to consideration must be given to major impacts: agricultural pollution, siltation from eroded uplands and excessive cutting of mangrove for fuel.

 

Environmental stability affected the community stability and community stability affected diversity, so that, the general sustainable management  of the Segara Anakan environs would play an important role, and the preparation of detail sustainable management should be based on the paradigm of the sustainable development with a special attention has to be given to  a transparent presentation and unrestricted accessibility of information to the residents of the Kampung Laut.

 

It is strongly recommended that shrimp farms operating in the lagoon will be properly charged, in form of fees, for the environmental damage they have caused to the lagoon and its environment. Two type of tambak operations have to be differentiated: on one side there are traditional, low inputs, low investment farm under extensive management that are exclusively operated by local residents; on the other side there are high input, high investment semi-intensive farms that are operated by outside investors.

 

 

 

 

REFERENCES

 

ADB (1992) Mangrove Forests. A Valuable but Threatened Indo Pasific Resource. Staff Paper No. 5. Asian Development Bank. Manila. Philppines.

 

ADB (1998) Project Administration Memorandum of Segara Anakan conservation and Development Project in Indonesia. Asian Development Bank. Manila. Philippines.

 

ADB and Republic of Indonesia, Ministry of Forestry (1997) Institutional Strengthening of The Forest and Soil Conservation Services in The Segara Anakan Basin Project (TA. No. 2665 INO). Asian Development Bank. Manila. Philippines.

 

ASEAN/US (1992) The Integrated Management Plan For Segara Anakan, Cilacap, Central Java Indonesia. ICLARM Technical Report No 34. ASEAN/US Coastal Resources management Project. Directorate General of Fisheries, Jakarta. Indonesia/ICLARM, Manila. Philippines.

 

DWRG (1976) Segara Anakan Special re-Evaluation of Sedimentation, Directorate of River. Ministry of Public Work and Electric Power.

 

ECI (1974) The Citanduy River Basin Development Project. Masterplan Annex H: Land Use and Management. Ministry of Public Works and Electric Power. Directorate General of Water Resources Development. Directorate of River and Swamps.

 

ECI (1994) Segara Anakan Conservation and Development Project. Final Report. Technical Report of ATC Engineering Consultant Inc. (ECI). Delft Hydraulics – PT. Exsa International Co. Ltd. Asian Development Bank – Institute of Hydraulic Engineering. Ministry of Public Work.

 

Ecology Team (1984) Ecological Aspects of Segara Anakan in Relation to Its Future Management. Technical Report of Institute of Hydraulic Engineering, Ministry of Public Works in Cooperation with Ecology Team. Faculty of Fisheries, Bogor Agricultural University.

 

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Wiryokarmojo, H.,S.D., Soeroso, and Bambang Kartiko (1978). Pengelolaan Hutan Payau Cilacap. Dalam Prociding Seminar Ekosistem Hutan Mangrove. Lembaga Oceanologi Nasional – LIPI, Jakarta: 72 – 80.

 

Zuidam, R.A., and F.I. Zuidam (1978). ITC Textbook of Photo Interpretation. Vol. VII: Use Serial Detection in Geomorphology and Geographical Landscape Analysis.